Nita Farahany has a new paper entitled, "Incriminating Thoughts," forthcoming in the Stanford Law Review. The abstract now appears on SSRN:
NITA A. FARAHANY, Vanderbilt Law School
The neuroscience revolution poses profound challenges to current self-incrimination doctrine and exposes a deep conceptual confusion at the heart of the doctrine. In Schmerber v. California, the Court held that under the Self-Incrimination Clause of the Fifth Amendment, no person shall be compelled to “prove a charge [from] his own mouth,” but a person may be compelled to provide real or physical evidence. This testimonial/physical dichotomy has failed to achieve its intended simplifying purpose. For nearly fifty years scholars and practitioners have lamented its impracticability and its inconsistency with the underlying purpose of the privilege. This article seeks to reframe the debate. It demonstrates through modern applications from neuroscience the need to redefine the taxonomy of evidence subject to the privilege against self-incrimination. Evidence can arise from the identifying characteristics inherent to individuals; it can arise automatically, without conscious processing, through memorialized photographs, papers and memories; or it can arise as uttered responses, both silently and aloud. This spectrum – identifying, automatic, memorialized, and uttered – is more nuanced and more precise than the traditional testimonial/physical dichotomy, and it better reflects the rationale underpinning the privilege against self-incrimination. Neurological evidence, like more traditional evidence, may be located on this spectrum, and thus doctrinal riddles of self-incrimination, both modern and ancient, may be solved.
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