Cognitive Enhancement, Lifestyle Choice or Misuse of Prescription Drugs?

Published in the current issue of Neuroethics:

Eric Racine^{1, 2, 3}  and Cynthia Forlini^{1, 2}

(1)	Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Canada

(2)	Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada

(3)	McGill University, Montreal, Canada

Received: 16 July 2008  Accepted: 31 July 2008  Published online: 4 September 2008

Abstract  

The prospects of enhancing cognitive or motor functions using neuroscience in otherwise healthy individuals has attracted considerable attention and interest in neuroethics (Farah et al., Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5:421–425, 2004; Glannon Journal of Medical Ethics 32:74–78, 2006). The use of stimulants is one of the areas which has propelled the discussion on the potential for neuroscience to yield cognition-enhancing products. However, we have found in our review of the literature that the paradigms used to discuss the non-medical use of stimulant drugs prescribed for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) vary considerably. In this brief communication, we identify three common paradigms—prescription drug abuse, cognitive enhancement, and lifestyle use of pharmaceuticals—and briefly highlight how divergences between paradigms create important “ethics blind spots”.